The Italian Renaissance flourished in Florence during the 15th and 16th centuries and spread to the rest of Europe. By the 11th century, Italian city-states and maritime republics expanded, bringing renewed prosperity through commerce and laying the groundwork for modern capitalism. During the Early Middle Ages, the Western Roman Empire fell, Christian Church arose and Italy experienced inward migration from surrounding tribes. By the first century BC, the Roman Empire expanded its territory across Europe, North Africa and the Near East, establishing the Pax Romana. The ancient Roman state arose in Latium, and expanded throughout the peninsula and the territories around the Mediterranean basin through a process of Romanization. The Italian peninsula was historically the native place of numerous ancient peoples and destination of a myriad of different peoples and cultures who immigrated throughout history. Italy covers an area of 301,230 km 2 (116,310 sq mi), with a population of about 60 million it is the third-most populous member state of the European Union, the sixth-most populous country in Europe, and the tenth-largest country in the continent by land area. It has a territorial exclave in Switzerland, Campione, and some islands in the African Plate. Italy shares land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino. Located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, it consists of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands. Italy ( Italian: Italia ( listen)), officially the Italian Republic or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern and Western Europe. eu domain is also used, as it is shared with other European Union member states. To call Campione d'Italia, it is necessary to use the Swiss code +41.The euro is accepted in Campione d'Italia but its official currency is the Swiss franc.

German is co-official in South Tyrol and Friuli Venezia Giulia French is co-official in the Aosta Valley Slovene is co-official in the province of Trieste, the province of Gorizia, and Friuli Venezia Giulia Ladin is co-official in South Tyrol, in Trentino and in other northern areas Friulian is co-official in Friuli Venezia Giulia Sardinian is co-official in Sardinia.

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